#1 - seasonal patterns - pre-spawn, spawn, post-spawn, summer, fall, winter (this will of course vary according to species - I am mainly referring here to largemouth bass fishing).
example: you're NOT gonna wanna go to the back of the creeks and burn buzzbaits in 2 ft. of water in mid-December... but that same approach in May can work out great!
Learn about the fish you're after - and go to any store with an aquarium section and get one of those floating glass thermometers(about $4) and keep it in your tacklebox. The water temperature will tell you what they're generally doing at that time of the year.
#2 - start with a horizontal lure - i.e., spinnerbait, crankbait, Rattletrap, jerkbait, buzzbait, etc. - to find active fish. There is very rarely only 1 fish in an area, unless it's a big pike/musky/flathead catfish... (in the case of panfish, there can be dozens if not more!)a hook-up or swipe will tell you there are fish there. It's now your job to figure out what they'll hit.
If I can move to various spots, then I won't nit-pick an area with worms, jigs, etc. if I don't get any sign of activity with a horizontal lure, spot them in the shallows, breaking the surface, etc... I cover the area with fancasts and if I don't get anything, I move on.
If I
CAN'T move to other spots - i.e., only a short time to fish, no access, have to stay in one spot, then I will go to vertical/slow/subtle presentations, but only
after the horizontal approach first.
#3 - if you get some quick hits, and they shut down, then go to the slower stuff, like jig-n-grubs, jig-n-pig, soft plastic worms or lizards(killer in the spring!), Senkos, tubes.
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**if you're getting hits or seeing swirls, but not hooking up, usually it means you're
almost there, but just need to fine-tune - i.e., vary the retrieve, change color, etc.
**if you have more than 1 rod/reel, keep one rigged with a tube or Senko or Sluggo-type lure, so if you miss a strike with your faster presentation, you can often throw it in the same spot and get hooked up. That fish didn't swipe at your lure then run a hundred yards up the bank, he's still around close somewhere...
**ask yourself "why/where/how EXACTLY did I catch that fish?" Was it on the edge of current, or slack water? weeds or wood? fast or slow presentation? how deep/shallow? windy or calm? If you catch some bass in 3 ft. water near logs on a jig-n-pig, you should be able to repeat that in other similar areas. That's
pattern fishing.
**while these tips sound specific, they're really just generalities.
Anything could happen - 3 or 4 years ago my wife was tossing a chartreuse spinnerbait for bass in a small lake outlet near our apartment in (Lake Sabbatia in Taunton - we live in Middleboro now) where we've caught many bass, crappie, sunfish, pickerel, etc. - and caught a 35-pound snapping turtle!!!
sorry to write a book here, but I just love this stuff! Fishing can be so challenging and exciting. You wouldn't hunt by shooting up in the sky and expecting a duck to fly into your shot - but that's how people fish all the time.
Just abit of applied knowledge can make a HUGE difference in one's success rate.